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Glossary

Every term defined in a published lesson, collected automatically.

Accuracy
Closeness to the true value, i.e. freedom from systematic error.
ADC
Analog-to-digital converter — quantises a continuous voltage into discrete counts.
Aliasing
High-frequency content masquerading as low-frequency content because sampling was too slow.
Analog front end
Amplification, filtering and buffering between transducer and converter.
Closed loop
A system whose actions change the very measurements it depends on.
Distribution shift
Production data differing statistically from training data.
Drift
Slow change in offset or sensitivity over time, temperature or exposure.
Early fusion
Combining raw or lightly processed signals before modelling.
Embedding
A learned vector representation produced by a trained network.
Feature
A hand-designed scalar summarising a signal window, e.g. spectral centroid.
Hysteresis
Output depending on the direction of approach, not only the present measurand value.
Inference latency
Time from input tensor to output prediction on the target hardware.
Late fusion
Combining independent per-modality decisions or scores.
Measurand
The physical quantity you intend to measure — temperature, pressure, gas concentration, strain.
Precision
Repeatability of readings under unchanged conditions; low random spread.
Preprocessing
Deterministic cleanup: resampling, detrending, normalisation, windowing.
Quantisation
Representing weights and activations in fewer bits to fit and accelerate edge deployment.
Resolution
The smallest change the system can distinguish, often set by ADC bits and noise floor.
Sensitivity
How much output you get per unit of input — the slope of the transfer function.
Signal conditioning
Amplification, buffering, filtering and level shifting applied before digitisation.
Transducer
The element that converts energy from one form to another, e.g. heat into resistance change.
Transfer function
The mathematical relationship mapping measurand to output signal, including its slope and curvature.